<html><head><meta name="color-scheme" content="light dark"></head><body><pre style="word-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap;">% MANUAL.TEX -- User input guide for AAS WGAS LaTeX macros.

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\begin{document}
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\title{The WGAS \LaTeX\ Macros\\
       for Manuscript Preparation}

\author{Chris Biemesderfer}
\affil{National Optical Astronomy Observatories}
\author{Bob Hanisch}
\affil{Space Telescope Science Institute}

\vspace{.2in}

The AAS Working Group on Astronomical Software (WGAS)
has developed a \LaTeX\ macro package to assist authors in
preparing manuscripts for articles that
are intended for submission to the AAS-affiliated journals.
% This sentence is not intended to exclude other journals
% or other societies from engaging in dialogue with us about
% electronic publishing issues, or, for that matter, using
% these macros for their own authors.  However, that is as
% much as I can state officially and publically today.
It is important that the markup used by authors in computer
manuscripts (called {\sl compuscripts}) be consistent and
standardized so that compuscripts might be widely accepted
by the journals, and perhaps even become part of the normal
production procedures.

This guide contains basic instructions for creating
compuscripts using the WGAS macros, which function
as substyles to the standard \LaTeX\ {\tt article} style.
Authors are expected to be familiar with the editorial
requirements of the journals so that they can make
appropriate submissions, as well as to have at least
a rudimentary knowledge of \TeX.
It is unrealistic for us to provide a tutorial
on \TeX, hence we warn readers who are unfamiliar with
\TeX\ that they will need additional sources of information.
These are listed in the {\it References} section.

\section{General preparation instructions}

Computer manuscripts must include all the necessary components,
e.g., a title, author names and their affiliations,
an abstract, a main body, tables, etc., in the proper
order according to the editorial requirements of the journal.
It is the author's responsibility to ensure that the article
conforms to all editorial specifications regarding content and
organization, mathematical formul\ae, chemical names, etc.

In the sections that follow, we review some essential procedures
that must be followed when preparing \TeX\ input.

\subsection{Running text}

Printing is different from typewriting, and \TeX\ is different
from other word processing tools.  This section consists of
reminders (admonitions) about things that require special
attention so that \TeX\ can format the input properly.

The ends of words and sentences are marked by white space, and
it doesn't matter how many spaces are typed; one is as good as 100.
\TeX\ treats the end of a line in the input file as a space.

Paragraphs are separated by blank lines.
Don't hyphenate words in the input file;
\TeX\ takes care of hyphenation automatically.
Continue to hyphenate modifiers within a line of text, e.g.,
``author-prepared copy.''

Quotation marks should be typed as pairs of opening and
closing single quotes, e.g., {\tt ``quoted text''};
don't use double quotes ({\tt "bad form"}).

Do not underline.
In printing, text is emphasized by changing the type style,
usually to {\sl slanted\/} or {\it italic\/} type.

A number of common characters are interpreted as commands,
and these must be entered specially, by preceding them with
a backslash (\verb"\"): \$ \&amp; \% \# \{ and \} must be typed
\verb"\$" \verb"\&amp;" \verb"\%" \verb"\#" \verb"\{" and \verb"\}".

Authors should refrain from adding vertical or horizontal space.
Concentrate on the content of the document and identifying its
components with the structural markup commands.
Authors should avoid the use of any \LaTeX\ command definitions
that create markup commands not described in this guide.

\subsection{Math}

Mathematical expressions that are part of the running text are
delimited by a single dollar sign (\$),
e.g., \verb"$\pi r^2$" yields $\pi r^2$.
To get the appropriately sized superscript or subscript in the
roman font, use the \verb"\rm" command, e.g., 
\verb"$J_{\rm HF}(t)$" produces $J_{\rm HF}(t)$.

Displayed equations can be delimited in several ways.
The most concise markup is bracket the equation between
\verb"\[" and \verb"\]" commands,
which is equivalent to placing the formula in a {\tt displaymath}
environment.  These markup commands will produce
{\sl unnumbered} equations.

Numbered equations can be typeset by typing the formula in
an {\tt equation} environment.
A series of related equations that need vertical alignment,
e.g., a derivation where alignment is wanted on the equal sign (=),
can be typeset in an {\tt eqnarray} environment.

While it is possible for authors to assign their own equation numbers,
it is easier to let \LaTeX\ number them automatically.
By default, \LaTeX\ will number equations sequentially from the
beginning of the paper to the end.

It is sometimes appropriate for equation numbering sequences
to carry through sections of the paper only.
Equations can be numbered ({\it sec-eqn}) by placing the command
\verb"\mathwithsecnums" in the preamble of the document.

\subsection{Tables}

Tables are notoriously difficult to compose,
and great care and patience are usually required
before tabular information can be typeset satisfactorily.
Tables should be placed in a separate {\tt table} environments,
i.e., the tabular material must be enclosed within
\verb"\begin{table}" and \verb"\end{table}" commands.
Tables should have a title or caption and the correct
number of descriptive column headings.
A single horizontal rule should be set after the column headings
with the \verb"\tableline" command.
Do not insert any other horizontal or vertical
lines in the body of the table.

Notes in tables should be marked by
\verb"\tablenotemark";
corresponding text should appear in a
\verb"\tablenotetext" command.

\subsection{Cross-referencing}

Cross-referencing equations, tables, and figures
in text depends upon the use of ``tags'', which
are defined by the user.  The \verb"\label" command is used
to define cross-reference tags for \LaTeX; \verb"\ref" is used to
refer to them.  Tags are simply text strings that
serve to label equations, tables, and  figures, so that
they may be referred to symbolically in the text.
References to page numbers should {\sl not} be made.

\LaTeX\ keeps track of autonumbered counters and cross-reference
information by maintaining an auxiliary file in the same working
directory as the source file.  The auxiliary file will have an
extension of {\tt .aux}.  This file should not be deleted, since
subsequent \LaTeX\ processing uses the auxiliary data to resolve
references, etc.

The auxiliary file mechanism makes it necessary to run \LaTeX\
on a given source file more than once to
ensure that the cross-reference information has been properly resolved.
This is most evident when changes are made that affect the number
or the placement of equations, tables, and the like.
\LaTeX\ will typically issue a warning message that advises
the user to ``rerun to get cross-references right'',
in which case, run \LaTeX\ again.
If the error message appears after two successive \LaTeX\ runs,
it is likely that a reference has been made to an undefined label.

\subsection{Alternate style options}

Editors prefer a large typeface with
adequate space between typed lines for technical editing marks and
wide margins for editor and author comments.
The use of the {\tt aasms} substyle will produce
double-spaced, full-width output by default.

Authors may prefer a denser form of output for distribution
to colleagues who are primarily interested in reading the paper, as
opposed to copy editing it.  The \verb"\tightenlines" command
can be inserted in the document preamble when the {\tt aasms}
substyle is used; its effect is to reduce
the vertical spacing in the text.

For institutional purposes, it may be preferable for preprints
to be set in two columns, have running heads, etc.
The {\tt aaspp} substyle may be used instead to produce
two-column pages.

\section{Command descriptions}

This section describes all the commands in the WGAS \LaTeX\ macro
package that an author might enter in a manuscript (or preprint).
In the interest of completeness, all the structural markup that
is needed to identify components is discussed, including those
commands that are standard \LaTeX\ instructions.
The commands will be described in roughly the same order as they
would appear in a compuscript.
The reader will probably find it helpful to examine the
sample papers (\verb"sample1.tex" and \verb"sample2.tex") as well.

\subsection*{Preamble}

Most documents processed with a formatter have a collection of
commands at the beginning of the file that establish settings
for global parameters; this initialization section is sometimes
called the {\sl preamble}.  In \LaTeX\ compuscripts, the
preamble is that portion of the file before the
\verb"\begin{document}" command.

The first piece of markup in the compuscript must declare the
overall style of the document.
\begin{quote}
\verb"\documentstyle[12pt,aasms]{article}"
\end{quote}
The \verb"\documentstyle" command must appear first in any
\LaTeX\ file, and this one specifies the main style to be
the \LaTeX\ {\tt article} style using twelve point fonts,
with modifications and additions for the {\tt aasms} substyle.
It is preferable to use fonts at twelve points to prevent
illegibility due to exceedingly long lines
(too many characters on a line make it hard to read).
The {\tt aasms} substyle will issue a warning message
if the font size is smaller than twelve points; the file will
still be processed.

Tightening the vertical spacing
in the text results in output that is more attractive for distribution
to colleagues who are primarily interested in reading the paper, as
opposed to copy editing it.  Authors may include~a
\begin{quote}
\verb"\tightenlines"
\end{quote}
declaration in the preamble to direct \LaTeX\ to produce
a somewhat denser manuscript.
If the authors prefer not to insert this markup directly,
the same effect can be achieved with the \verb"tighten"
document substyle.
\begin{quote}
\verb"\documentstyle[aasms,tighten]{article}"
\end{quote}

Double-spaced output for referees and
copy editors is the main objective of this style, hence
the double-spacing occurs by default.
Neither the \verb"\tightenlines" command nor the \verb"tighten"
substyle should be used for manuscripts
submitted to the editorial office for scientific review.

\subsubsection*{Two-column format}

We acknowledge that people would probably be happier with this macro package
if they could produce two-column pages that look like the {\it Ap.J}\null.
However, that is not the primary goal of this project at the present
time; besides, this is easier said than done.

Our solution is to provide format options within the preprint styles
themselves so that output format can be changed.
For instance, within the {\tt aasms} substyle is
\verb"\tightenlines", which effectively turns off the double-spacing.
The primary motivation behind this idea is to provide some
definitions that permit institutions to distribute ``pretty'' preprints
with this package.  (Of course, we make the glaring assumption that we
can determine what someone else will think is pretty.)

The {\tt aaspp} substyle has the principle function of setting
up two-column output.
\begin{quote}
\verb"\documentstyle[aaspp]{article}"
\end{quote}
Although it is quite obvious, it is important to remember
that text lines are considerably shorter when two of them are typeset
side by side on a page.  Long equations, wide tables and figures, and
the like, may not typeset in this format without some adjustments.
It is our opinion that great effort to adapt copy and markup for
two-column pages may be counterproductive.
Remember that the main
goal of this package at this point is to produce ``correct'' draft
(or referee) format pages;
it is the responsibility of the editors and publishers to
produce publication format papers for the journals.

The {\tt aaspp} substyle does not
impose a format for the article's front matter,
although there is often merit in setting the title, author, abstract,
and keyword material on a separate page at full text width.
The author may supply the
\verb"\twocolumn" command wherever desired.
\begin{quote}
\verb"\twocolumn"
\end{quote}
Note that the two-column format begins at the point \verb"\twocolumn"
appears in the text, and if that point is before the front-matter,
it will be typeset in two-column mode along with the rest of the paper.
For purposes of producing ``pretty'' output, it is probably desirable
to put this command after the abstract and keywords, just before the
body of the paper.
If \verb"\twocolumn" is not specified explicitly in {\tt aaspp}
style documents, the introductory material of the paper will be set
in one-column mode; the first \verb"\section" command (presumably
demarcating the beginning of the main body of the article) will
engage the two-column mode.

\subsubsection*{Slug line data}

Journal and article identification information is established by the
editorial staff.  The following macros could be used by personnel at the
editorial office to record slug-line data and would be included
in the manuscript preamble.
\begin{quote}
\verb"\received{RECEIPTDATE}"\\
\verb"\accepted{ACCEPTDATE}"\\
\verb"\journalid{VOL}{JOURNALDATE}"\\
\verb"\articleid{STARTPAGE}{ENDPAGE}"
\end{quote}
For preprints and submitted manuscripts in draft/referee format, etc.,
the slug-line information is irrelevant and in those kinds of style,
the data are never used.
There are no commands in these styles that typeset the information,
hence there is no real reason to include slug-line markup in manuscripts.

\subsection*{Starting the main body}

None of the markup that appears in the preamble actually typesets
anything; the preamble is only a control section.
The author must include a
\begin{quote}
\verb"\begin{document}"
\end{quote}
command to identify the beginning of the main textual
portion of the compuscript.

\subsection*{Title, byline, abstract, etc.}

Title and author identification are by way of standard \LaTeX\ commands
\verb"\title" and \verb"\author", although the macros themselves are
somewhat different.
The information is typeset by these macros in this style, rather than
simply being buffered for later use, as in standard \LaTeX.
The authors' principal affiliation is specified with
a separate macro \verb"\affil".
Each \verb"\author" command
should be followed by a corresponding \verb"\affil" (or address).
\begin{quote}
\verb"\title{LUCID TEXT}"\\
\verb"\author{NAME(S)}"\\
\verb"\affil{ADDRESS}"
\end{quote}
The \verb"\affil" command provides the only opportunity
to give the author's full postal address,
and that is what is anticipated for {\small ADDRESS}.
The address can be broken over several lines by using the
\LaTeX\ \verb"\\" command to indicate the line breaks.
Usually, however, postal information will fit on one line.

Authors often have affiliations in addition to their principal employer,
and these are specified with the \verb"\altaffilmark"
and \verb"\altaffiltext" commands.
These behave like the \verb"\footnotemark"
and \verb"\footnotetext" commands of \LaTeX.
\verb"\altaffilmark" is appended to author's names in the \verb"\author"
lists, and generates superscript identification numbers.
The text for the individual alternate affiliations is generated by the
\verb"\altaffiltext" command.
\begin{quote}
\verb"\altaffilmark{TAG NUMBER(S)}"\\
\verb"\altaffiltext{NUMERICAL TAG}{TEXT}"
\end{quote}
It is up to the author to make sure that the \verb"\altaffilmark" numbers
attached to authors' names correspond to the correct alternate affiliation,
i.e., that {\small TAG NUMBER == NUMERICAL TAG} for
corresponding {\small TEXT}.

The typesetting performed by all of the title and byline commands
is appropriate for the top of the first text page of the manuscript
(as opposed to a title page).

The paper abstract should be enclosed in an {\tt abstract} environment.
\begin{quote}
\verb"\begin{abstract}"\\
{\it abstract text\/}\\
\verb"\end{abstract}"
\end{quote}

The {\tt aasms} style will print a pair of horizontal rules before the
abstract.  These are present so that the editorial staff can enter the
``received'' and ``accepted'' dates for the paper.  The author should
not include \verb"\received" and \verb"\accepted" commands in the
manuscript, since these dates are not usually known at submission time.
The {\tt aaspp} style does not print the rules or the dates.

\subsubsection*{Keywords}

Keywords, subject headings, etc., are accommodated
as a single piece of text.
\begin{quote}
\verb"\keywords{TEXT}"
\end{quote}
The \verb"\keywords" command indents if necessary and supplies
the proper leading text (``Keywords:'', ``Subject headings:'', etc.).
The author should supply keywords delimited by commas.

\subsection*{Sections}

The \LaTeX\ {\tt article} environment supports three levels of
sectioning.  (Actually, it supports more, but these are the
relevant ones.)
\begin{quote}
\verb"\section{HEADING}"\\[.5ex]
\verb"\subsection{HEADING}"\\[.5ex]
\verb"\subsubsection{HEADING}"
\end{quote}
Note that these commands delimit sections by marking the
{\sl beginning\/} of each section;
there are not separate commands to identify the {\sl ends}.

In addition, WGAS compuscript styles support an
\verb"\acknowledgments" section.
\begin{quote}
\verb"\acknowledgments"
\end{quote}
In the WGAS substyles, acknowledgments are set off from the
concluding main body text simply by vertical space
(no heading or type size change).
For use in producing output for specific journals,
this macro might generate text saying ``Acknowledg[e]ments''.

\subsection*{Citations}

Citations may be called out either explicitly by the author without
any markup, or the \LaTeX\ \verb"\cite" command may be used.
\begin{quote}
\verb"\cite{TAG}"
\end{quote}
The {\small TAG} must correspond to a {\small TAG} given in
a \verb"\bibitem" command in the {\tt thebibliography} environment
(see below).

\subsection*{Equations}

Displayed equations can be typeset in many ways using the standard
displayed math environments of \LaTeX;
these three are probably of greatest use.
\begin{quote}
\verb"\begin{displaymath}"\\
\verb"\end{displaymath}"\\[.5ex]
\verb"\begin{equation}"\\
\verb"\end{equation}"\\[.5ex]
\verb"\begin{eqnarray}"\\
\verb"\end{eqnarray}"
\end{quote}
The {\tt displaymath} environment will break out a single,
unnumbered formula.  The equation will appear the same if it
is set in an {\tt equation} environment, and it will be
autonumbered by \LaTeX.
In order to set several formul\ae\ in which vertical alignment
is required, use the {\tt eqnarray} environment.

Sometimes it is appropriate to number equations by section,
rather than sequentially through the whole paper.
When this is required,
\begin{quote}
\verb"\mathwithsecnums"
\end{quote}
should be specified in the document preamble.
As is the case with tightening the interline spacing
(\verb"\tightenlines", above), authors need not insert
the extra markup command in the text.
The same effect can be achieved with the \verb"mathsec"
document substyle.
\begin{quote}
\verb"\documentstyle[aasms,mathsec]{article}"
\end{quote}

\subsection*{Bibliography}

Citation management can be complex, and systems have been
developed to assist authors in preparing bibliographies.
The program that manages references within the \TeX\ family
is called BIB\TeX, and it is designed to work in conjunction
with the citation and reference list capabilities of \LaTeX.

References and citations can be handled in several ways with
the WGAS macro package.  It is possible to use the semantics
of \LaTeX's {\tt thebibliography} environment,
marking citations with \verb"\cite" and associating references
with them via \verb"\bibitem".  The \verb"\cite"-\verb"\bibitem"
mechanism associates citations and references symbolically
while maintaining proper citation syntax within the paper.
The author must create the citation label for each reference
in proper journal format in the \verb"\bibitem" command.
\begin{quote}
\verb"\begin{thebibliography}"\\
\verb"\bibitem[LABEL]{TAG} \reference" {\it bibliographic data\/}\\
\verb"   ."\\
\verb"   ."\\
\verb"\end{thebibliography}"
\end{quote}
where {\small LABEL} must adhere to journal standards, e.g., ``Abt 1986''.
For the time being, there
is no compelling reason to force an implementation based on BIB\TeX,
although it should be possible to build reference lists with
BIB\TeX\ if authors choose.
(It is also possible to define a bibliographic style for BIB\TeX\ so
that citations and reference lists are formatted correctly automatically.)

It is not necessary to use the {\tt thebibliography} environment.
Many authors are comfortable with the standard
process of entering citations in the proper format directly
in the body of an article, and then organizing the reference
list themselves.
There is also a {\tt references} environment that simply sets off
the list of references and adjusts spacing parameters.
\begin{quote}
\verb"\begin{references}"\\
\verb"\reference" {\it bibliographic data\/}\\
\verb"   ."\\
\verb"   ."\\
\verb"\end{references}"
\end{quote}
It is not possible to use \verb"\bibitem"s
within the {\tt references} environment,
nor will \verb"\cite" commands work properly in the main body.

Observe that the {\it bibliographic data\/} supplied by the author must
conform to the standards of the journal.  We have elected not to burden
authors with tedious \LaTeX\ commands which would require many curly braces
to delimit the bibliographic fields because many of the journals we have
targeted in this project have agreed to reduce typographic overhead (bolding,
italicizing, etc.) in reference lists (Abt 1990);
in any event, these macros can be expanded to whatever abbreviations are
desired by the various editor(s).
It is the responsibility of the author to get these fields in the proper
order with the correct punctuation; the information will be typeset as is,
i.e., in roman with no size or style changes.

\subsubsection*{Abbreviations for journals}

There are macros for many of the oft-referenced journals so that authors
may use the \LaTeX\ names rather than having to look up a particular journal's
specific abbreviation.  In principle, all the journals should be using the
same abbreviations, too, but it is fair to anticipate some changes in the
specific abbreviations before a set is finally settled on.  As long as
these macros are kept up to date, authors need not be concerned about
such editorial changes.

\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{ll}
\verb"\aj" &amp; Astronomical Journal\\
\verb"\araa" &amp; Annual Review of Astronomy\\
  &amp; \hspace*{1em} and Astrophysics\\
\verb"\apj" &amp; Astrophysical Journal\\
\verb"\apjl" &amp; \rule[.5ex]{2em}{.4pt}, Letters to the Editor\\
\verb"\apjs" &amp; \rule[.5ex]{2em}{.4pt}, Supplement Series\\
\verb"\applopt" &amp; Applied Optics\\
\verb"\apss" &amp; Astrophysics and Space Science\\
\verb"\aap" &amp; Astronomy and Astrophysics\\
\verb"\aaps" &amp; \rule[.5ex]{2em}{.4pt}, Supplement Series\\
\verb"\azh" &amp; Astronomicheskii Zhurnal\\
\verb"\baas" &amp; Bulletin of the AAS\\
\verb"\jrasc" &amp; Journal of the RAS of Canada\\
\verb"\memras" &amp; Memoirs of the RAS\\
\verb"\mnras" &amp; Monthly Notices of the RAS\\
\verb"\pra" &amp; Physical Review A: General Physics\\
\verb"\prb" &amp; Physical Review B: Solid State\\
\verb"\prc" &amp; Physical Review C:\\
\verb"\prd" &amp; Physical Review D:\\
\verb"\prl" &amp; Physical Review Letters\\
\verb"\pasp" &amp; Publications of the ASP\\
\verb"\pasj" &amp; Publications of the ASJ\\
\verb"\qjras" &amp; Quarterly Journal of the RAS\\
\verb"\skytel" &amp; Sky and Telescope\\
\verb"\sovast" &amp; Soviet Astronomy\\
\verb"\ssr" &amp; Space Science Reviews\\
\verb"\zap" &amp; Zeitschrift f\"ur Astrophysik\\
\end{tabular}
\end{center}

\subsection*{Tables and figures}

Tables should appear in {\tt table} environments.
\begin{quote}
\verb"\begin{table}"\\
\verb"\end{table}"
\end{quote}
There should be only one table per environment, and for many
journals, only one table per page.
The {\tt table} environment encloses not only the tabular
material but also any title (caption) or footnote information
associated with the table.

Tabular information is typeset within \LaTeX's
{\tt tabular} environment.
\begin{quote}
\verb"\begin{tabular}{"{\it cols\/}\verb"}"\\
\verb"\end{tabular}"
\end{quote}
where {\it cols\/} specifies the formatting for each column.

There is a \verb"\tableline" command for use in {\tt tabular}
environments.
\begin{quote}
\verb"\tableline"
\end{quote}
This command produces the horizontal rule(s) between the column headings
and the body of the table.
Authors are discouraged from using any \verb"\hlines" themselves,
and are typically forbidden from using vertical rules by editors.

Titles or captions for tables are indicated with
\begin{quote}
\verb"\caption{TEXT}"
\end{quote}
Tables will be identified with arabic numerals, e.g., ``Table 2'';
the identifying text, including the number, is generated automatically
by \verb"\caption" within the \verb"table" environment.

Footnotes for tables are usually identified by lower case letters
rather than numbers.
Marking and assigning associated text is achieved with
the \verb"\tablenotemark" and \verb"\tablenotetext"
commands, in which the note identifier is required
(cf. \verb"\altaffilmark" and \verb"\altaffiltext").
The \verb"\tablenotetext" {\sl must} be specified before
the enclosing \verb"\end{table}", since the text of
notes to tables are displayed by that command.
\begin{quote}
\verb"\tablenotemark{TAG LETTER(S)}"\\
\verb"\tablenotetext{ALPHA TAG}{TEXT}"
\end{quote}
Note that {\small TAG LETTER == ALPHA TAG} for corresponding {\small TEXT}.
It is the responsibility of the author to get the correspondence correct.

The table footnotes are coupled to the table in which they occur, rather
than being associated with a particular page, and they are printed with
the table (relatively close to the caption) instead of appearing at the
extreme bottom of the page.  This is done to ensure that the notes wind
up on the same page as the table, since tables are floats and can migrate
from one page to another.

\subsubsection*{Figures}

At the present time, there is no universal way to include
non-textual data in compuscripts, even if they are graphical
images produced digitally.  This situation will surely change,
but it is not addressed by this version of the WGAS macro package.

Figures must still be submitted with manuscripts in the usual
way, and only the figure captions need to be generated with the
text of the paper.  They can be typeset in the traditional way
without using any markup, or they can be produced within an
otherwise empty {\tt figure} environment.
\begin{quote}
\verb"\begin{figure}"\\
\verb"\caption{TEXT}"\\
\verb"\end{figure}"
\end{quote}
When the {\tt figure} environment is used, the figure identification,
e.g., ``Figure 1'', is generated automatically by \verb"\caption".
It is usually acceptable for several figure captions to appear
on the same page.

Footnotes are {\sl not} supported for figures.

\subsection*{Miscellaneous}

Here are some handy things people tend to work out for themselves anyway.
Many of the definitions come from the {\it A\&amp;A\/} package (Springer 1989);
some are contributions from individuals.
You can go berserk making these up,
especially when you start getting into the composite ones.  We have
tried to select a tractable number that were useful, and somewhat
difficult to get right because fussy kerning or some such is required.

\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{ll@{\hspace*{3em}}ll}
\verb"\deg" &amp; \deg &amp; 
\verb"\sq" &amp; \sq \\
\verb"\sun" &amp; \sun &amp;
\verb"\earth" &amp; \earth \\
\verb"\arcmin" &amp; \arcmin &amp; 
\verb"\arcsec" &amp; \arcsec \\
\verb"\fd" &amp; \fd &amp; 
\verb"\fh" &amp; \fh \\
\verb"\fm" &amp; \fm &amp; 
\verb"\fs" &amp; \fs \\
\verb"\fdg" &amp; \fdg &amp; 
\verb"\farcm" &amp; \farcm \\
\verb"\farcs" &amp; \farcs &amp; 
\verb"\fp" &amp; \fp \\
\verb"\micron" &amp; \micron &amp; \\[.8ex]
\verb"\onehalf" &amp; \onehalf &amp;
\verb"\ubvr" &amp; \ubvr \\
\verb"\onethird" &amp; \onethird &amp;
\verb"\ub" &amp; \ub \\
\verb"\twothirds" &amp; \twothirds &amp;
\verb"\bv" &amp; \bv \\
\verb"\onequarter" &amp; \onequarter &amp;
\verb"\vr" &amp; \vr \\
\verb"\threequarters" &amp; \threequarters &amp;
\verb"\ur" &amp; \ur \\[.8ex]
\verb"$\la$" &amp; $\la$ &amp;
\verb"$\ga$" &amp; $\ga$ \\ 
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
Most of these commands can be used in running text as well as when
setting mathematical expressions.
\verb"\la" and \verb"\ga" can only be used in math mode,
which is sensible since they are relations.
It is possible to use \verb"\earth" and \verb"\sun" as subscripts,
e.g., \verb"$1.4 M_{\sun}$" yields $1.4 M_{\sun}$.

\subsection*{Concluding the file}

The last thing in a \LaTeX\ file should be the
\begin{quote}
\verb"\end{document}"
\end{quote}
command, which appears after all the back matter of the paper.
This command directs \LaTeX\ to perform assorted termination
activities and finish processing.

\section{Additional documentation}

The preceding detailed explanation of the markup commands in this
package has certain merit, but many authors will prefer to examine
the sample papers that are included with the style files.
The purely instructional examples are named \verb"sample1.tex"
and \verb"sample2.tex".  The file \verb"sample1.tex" is a paper prepared
with the WGAS macros utilizing a {\sl minimal\/} amount of markup.
A more ``complete'' paper requiring nearly all of the capabilities
of the package is provided as \verb"sample2.tex";
this file is annotated with comments that describe
the purpose of most of the markup.

We have also included in the distribution the source files for our
AAS posters, marked up as they would be for submission;
they are called \verb"paper1.tex" and \verb"paper2.tex".
This user guide (\verb"manual.tex")
is also marked up with the WGAS macro package,
although it is not exemplary as a scientific paper.

A number of the markup commands described in the preceding
sections are standard \LaTeX\ macros, and the reader who is
unfamiliar with their syntax is referred to the \LaTeX\
manual (Lamport 1985) for details.  A cribsheet listing all
the \LaTeX\ commands (and some pertinent plain \TeX\ commands)
with short descriptions of each is published by the \TeX\ Users
Group (Botway and Biemesderfer 1989).

Authors who wish to know the ins and outs of \TeX\ itself
should read the {\it\TeX book} (Knuth 1984), probably more than once.
There is a good deal of information about typography in general
in this source.  Many details of mathematical typography are
discussed in a book by Swanson (1971).

The goals and objectives of this project have changed somewhat
since we first wrote on the this subject
(Biemesderfer and Hanisch 1989).
A discussion of some of the issues surrounding standardized
markup for compuscripts has been presented elsewhere
(Hanisch and Biemesderfer 1990).

\begin{references}
\reference Abt, H.  1990, \apj, 357, 1 (editorial)
\reference Biemesderfer, C. and Hanisch R.  1989, \baas, 21, 780
\reference Botway, L. and Biemesderfer, C.  1989,
    {\it \LaTeX\ Command Summary}, Providence: \TeX\ Users Group
\reference Hanisch, R. and Biemesderfer, C.  1990, \baas, 22, 829
\reference Knuth, D.  1984, {\it The \TeX book}, Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley
\reference Lamport, L.  1985,
    {\it \LaTeX: A Document Preparation System\/}, Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley
\reference Springer-Verlag.  1989,
    {\it Springer-Verlag \TeX\ AA macro package 1989},
    Springer: Heidelberg
\reference Springer-Verlag.  1990,
    {\it Springer-Verlag \LaTeX\ AA macro package 1990},
    Springer: Heidelberg
\reference Swanson, E.  1971, {\it Mathematics Into Type}
\end{references}

\makeatletter
\wgas@pageid
\makeatother

\end{document}
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